Some Thoughts About Cuban Cinema/Cine Cubano en Mi Memoria
Monday, May 4th, 2009
Text: Francisco Collazo
Photos: Francisco Collazo & Brayan Collazo
[vease abajo para la version en espanol]
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The 10th Havana Film Festival New York ended recently. This was my first time attending the activities, which were presented between April 16 and 23. Among the films presented, there were two short documentaries that were as familiar and vivid in my memory, as when I first saw them in Havana, perhaps at the end of the 1960s: “Now” and “Hanoi, martes 13,” both by Santiago Alvarez.
Since then, the themes that have predominated Cuban cinema are totally different. The films of the turbulent 60s and 70s concentrated primarily on celebrating the victories and accomplishments of the Cuban Revolution. But with the geopolitical changes of the 90s and the introduction of new digital technologies, including the Internet, along with the lack of state funds earmarked for the production of films, a new generation of independent filmmakers got their start. In their films, they explored all that interested and concerned them: homosexuality, racism, culture, prostitution, immigration, unemployment, and–above all–what “Cubanness” and revolution signified in an era of globalized commerce, communication, and ideology.
The majority of these new filmmakers were born after the Bay of Pigs invasion, after the Angolan War, and after the mass exodus of 120,000 Cubans from the port of Mariel in 1980. Their voices are different, though not necessarily contrary to the traditional school of Cuban cinema formed in the 60s and 70s. But more independent? Definitely.
The “Special Period” forced Cuba to restructure its economy, sending Cubans scrambling for immediate solutions. With respect to cinema, the emergence of the do-it-yourself style of the independent filmmakers may have seemed–at least superficially–contradictory to the established method of the filmmakers who came of age during the early years of the Revolution.

That generation had relied upon the financial support of the state, and their function, in turn, was to support the party line: to educate more than entertain. During that era, art and other forms of communication were all intended to channel the ideology of the “New Man,” capturing existing reality. For this reason, the cinema of the early post-Revolution period is known as “cine pobre” (“poor cinema”) or “cine triste” (“sad cinema”).

To make “cine pobre” was a mark of pride, almost, insisting that it wasn’t necessary to rely upon funding from corporations or from developed countries. And it was an equal mark of pride to reflect reality–however sad–because it communicated the true situation of the time, not just in Cuba, but in all of Latin America and throughout the Third World.
The break with the capitalist world was both a bane and a boon, because it sent filmmakers in search of their own image, their own exploration of “Cubanness,” molded from their own realities and without any external help or influence. It was cinema for national consumption in every sense. It’s from this reality that “New Cinema,” characterized by its minimal resources, enjoyed a surge, also influencing a cinematic renaissance in other parts of Latin America. Before 1959, there wasn’t an interest or an institution in Cuba that promoted this art form. Instead, it evolved and developed almost organically.
With new accords between countries that have supported the financing of production costs, Cuba has once again been compelled to adapt its cinematic identity. Rather than serving as its own benefactor and protagonist, it’s now taken on the role of the co-producer.
Cuban actors, Jorge Perugorria & Mirta Ibarra
The new New Cuban Cinema is compelled to produce films that can be understood globally by a public that’s quite different from the domestic audience, a public that primarily seeks entertainment first and anything else second. These changing circumstances have prompted an abrupt shift, putting Cuban cinema into direct competition with other film producers who possess far greater financial power and a great deal more experience.
The Cuban cinema of my memories taught me in every way: films with their far-away places, with strange people whose problems were incomprehensible in my own world. They were always fighting to survive and their heroes were anonymous; their themes too profound and abstract to truly be understood at such a young age. For this reason, I’ve been dedicating myself to the task of revisiting these films. Today, I watch them with different emotions, but they connect me to vivid years in Havana with the same sensory experience and sense of expansiveness that I felt back then. Distinct and different, as they say in Cuba!
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Acaba de finalizar el 10mo Festival de Cine de La Habana en Nueva York. Por primera vez atendi a las actividades presentadas durante los dias 16-23 de Abril. Durante todo su programa solo dos documentales fueron muy familiares y vivos en mi memoria como cuando los vi en la Habana quizas a finales de los anos 60s: “Now” y “Hanoi, martes 13,” ambos de Santiago Alvarez.
Desde entonces y hasta esta fecha los temas que se presenta en la filmografia cubana son totalmente diferente, al menos en grados de lo que fue los anos turbulentos de los 60s y 70s donde en su mayoria se concentraban en celebrar las victorias y los logros de la revolucion cubana. Con los cambios geo-politicos de los 90s y la introduccion de la nueva tecnologia digital y el internet, unido a la escasez de los fondos estatales para la produccion y financiamiento de estos, les dio comienzo a un movimiento de cineastas independientes que todo les interesa y preocupa: homosexualidad, racismo, cultura, prostitucion, inmigracion, desempleo, y sobre todo eso, se preguntan que significa cubanidad y revolucion en tiempos como estos de globalizacion en comercio, comunicacion e ideologia.
Actor cubano, Enrique Molina
La mayoria de estos nuevos cineastas han nacido despues de la invasion de Playa Giron, la guerra de Angola e incluso la inmigracion de 120,000 cubanos por el puerto de Mariel en 1980. Su voz es diferente, pero no necesariamente contraria a la escuela de cine cubana de los 60s y 70s. Mas independientes, si.
El periodo especial obligo a Cuba a reestructurar su economia, buscando soluciones inmediatas que de una manera superficial parecen contradictorias a la linea establecida por los cineastas que al comienzo de la revolucion contaban con el apoyo financiero del estado que su funcion era apoyar la linea politica del estado y en educar mas que entretener. Durante esta epoca el arte y los medios de comunicacion estaban todos destinados al proposito de ideologizar al “Hombre Nuevo” de su realidad existente; debido a estos acercamientos muchos les llamaron a este “cine-pobre” o “cine-triste.” Sin embargo, se hace hincapie en aclarar que este es cine-pobre “por no contar con los fondos de las grandes firmas de los paises desarrollados” y “triste porque refleja la situacion actual existente no solo de Cuba sino de toda la americalatina y el tercer mundo.”

La ruptura con el mundo capitalista les obliga y les ayuda a la vez a buscar por si mismo una imagen propia de la cubanidad, moldeada en la realidad y sin ayuda exterior. Este es un cine para consumo nacional en todos sus sentidos. De aqui nace el “Nuevo Cine” de bajos recursos que emprende una nueva jornada e influye con sus esfuerzo a el nuevo cine latinoamericano. No es necesario decir que antes de 1959 no existia en Cuba un interes o una institucion que lo promoviera que podria decir que hasta hoy es un cine que se mueve por la necesidad milagrosa, mas que por su evolucion y desarrollo.
Con los nuevos convenios entre paises para poder financiar los gastos de produccion, Cuba ha tenido de nuevo que amoldarse, haciendo de este un papel de co-productor en vez de protagonista. Ya este Nuevo Cine cubano tiene que producir filmes que sean entendidos y comprendidos de una manera global para un publico muy diferente que en su mayoria busca el entretenimiento como primera regla y de todo lo demas despues. Por consiguiente dandole al cine cubano un salto brusco y poniendolo en competencia directa con las otras productoras de filmes con mucho mas poder financiero y mucha mas experiencia.
El cine de mi memoria me enseño en todos los sentidos, las peliculas de lugares lejanos, con gentes extranas y con problemas que en mi mundo eran incomprendibles. En ellos siempre estaban presente la lucha por la sobrevivencia y los heroes desconocidos. Muchas veces con temas muy profundos y astractos para ser entendidos a temprana edad. Debido a esto me he dado a la tarea de re-visitar esas cintas que hoy veo con emociones diferentes, pero me conectan a los anos vividos en La Habana. Una experiencia sensorial y visual de una magnitud tremenda. Distinta y diferente, como se dice en Cuba!
Film Review: “Desierto Adentro”
Tuesday, April 28th, 2009
Among the films in the Havana Film Festival New York line up was the New York premiere of director Rodrigo Pla’s morality tale, “Desierto Adentro”:
I wanted so much to like this film–first, because it was made in and about Mexico; second, because the shots were steady and lovely; third, because the plot seemed to have so much promise; and fourth, because the characters–the narrator, in particular–were so interesting.
Yet as it plodded on, each scene became increasingly unbelievable. The sins of the father, for which he was trying to atone, continued to accumulate; as they did, he failed to learn any of the lessons that the consequences of his actions were intended to teach him. Predictably, and in accordance with biblical precedent, the sins of the father were visited on his children–over and over again; they died one by one in needless accidents, all trying to transact repentance on behalf of their father. Eventually, the only child left is the narrator–the most fragile of the children, and the one who was never expected to live. The father, never having overcome his hubris and profoundly flawed interpretations of God’s will, hangs himself from the beams of a church he and his children have spent years building.
There is no happy ending, which is fine, but there’s no growth either. It’s a Mexican tale endowed with a mythic sense of Greek tragedy.
Sometimes the provocation of incredulity works, especially in Latin American cinema, but credibility and faith must either be restored or some other payoff must eventually be rendered.
In the case of “Desierto Adentro,” neither happens. The film may well take a place alongside other contemporary Mexican movies that have been similarly preoccupied with religion, sins, and the theme of taking responsibility for the consequences of breaking moral and social taboos (I’m thinking, for instance, of “The Crimes of Padre Amarro” and “Y Tu Mama, Tambien,”) but if it does so, it will be thanks to the skillful camera work and the raw beauty of the film’s backdrop, not for its script.
“The Reader”: Movie Review
Saturday, December 27th, 2008
Text: Julie Schwietert Collazo

I’ve seen more than my fair share of movies whose characters and conflicts develop against the backdrop of the Holocaust. Francisco’s favorite movie of all time is “Schindler’s List” and he considers himself something of a Holocaust scholar; I do believe we’ve watched every film and documentary that’s been made about the Holocaust. (And there are a great many.)
It was thus inevitable that we’d eventually see “The Reader.”
Briefly, the plot: A 15 year old boy in post war Germany meets a stranger who helps him home after she finds him sick in the doorway of her building. After he recovers from a bout of scarlet fever, Michael returns to Hanna’s building with a bouquet of flowers, intending to thank her for her help, if not her warm kindness (she’s a rather cold, brusque woman).
But darn those intentions! Shortly after passing her the bouquet, Michael and Hanna find themselves stripping. And shortly after that? Well… exactly what you’re thinking.
There’s a minor twist that becomes critical to the movie: Hanna’s got a bit of a fetish. Specifically, she wants Michael to read to her. He’s an erudite young man with good literary taste, and Hanna makes a round of reading the requisite foreplay for their rolls in the sack. He indulges her, reading The Odyssey, The Adventures of Huckleberry Finn, and Chekhov’s The Lady with the Little Dog to his older sexual tutor.
Their fling lasts a summer, as flings usually do. Hanna gets a promotion, gets moody, and leaves without warning, abandoning her apartment and her relationship with Michael. But she’s not lost to him forever. A few years later, now a law student, Michael is one of a handful of students in a special seminar in which the members are observing a trial of female guards who had been stationed in concentration camps.
And you can guess who’s on trial, the fact of which explains a lot about Hanna’s character and behavior.
Reviews of this film starring Ralph Fiennes, Kate Winslet, and David Kross are filled with words like “riveting” and “tour-de-force,” and phrases like “Oscar material,” ending with multiple punctuation marks.
But more interesting than the performances of Fiennes, Winslet, or Kross, and even more interesting than the outcome of the trial and the film’s denouement (both of which are painfully predictable), is the development and presentation of a minor character, a woman who was a child in the concentration camps and who testifies against Hanna in the trial.
At the end of the film, Michael goes to visit the woman as a gesture of–who knows?–obligation? absolution? an effort to arrive at understanding?–and finds that she is living in sprawling Upper East Side opulence.
And, quite frankly, that she’s a cool, hardened, pragmatic woman who cuts through pleasantries and is unwilling to make Michael’s visit an easy one.
He has never confessed his truths to anyone, so it’s strange, perhaps, that he’d choose her, particularly as she lacks, as she says, both the interest and the will to listen to them and provide him the catharsis he’s seeking.
She’s one character type among many representing victimization and survival: unforgiving, still angry after all these years, yet, in a sense, moving on–indeed, moved on–determinedly crafting the kind of life that others were equally determined to prevent her from building and enjoying.
What’s really “riveting” about this movie, then, is not the all-star actors in the roles that are likely to win awards. It’s this woman we’d like to be forgiving and sympathetic (empathic, at least) after all these years, and who steadfastly refuses to be that person. She makes us sit with uncomfortable truths, with endings and relationships that aren’t neat or conclusive. And she does it so well–much more convincing in her role than Winslet, actually–that we leave the theatre a little disturbed. Could we forgive? Are we forgiving? Are transformation and resolution possible?
What? You want me to answer those questions?
Reader photo: grewlike (Flickr creative commons)

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